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・ Geographers' A–Z Street Atlas
・ Geographia Map Company
・ Geographia Neoteriki
・ Geographic areas of Houston
・ Geographic areas of Sugar Land, Texas
・ Geographic Beanie Babies
・ Geographic center of Belarus
・ Geographic center of the contiguous United States
・ Geographic center of the United States
・ Geographic centers of the United States
・ Geographic coordinate conversion
・ Geographic coordinate system
・ Geographic Data Files
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・ Geographic information retrieval
Geographic information science
・ Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge
・ Geographic information system
・ Geographic information systems in China
・ Geographic information systems in geospatial intelligence
・ Geographic Institute Agustín Codazzi
・ Geographic Locator Codes
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・ Geographic Messaging Service
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・ Geographic Names Information System
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Geographic information science : ウィキペディア英語版
Geographic information science
Geographic information science or Geographical information science (GIScience) is the scientific discipline that studies data structures and computational techniques to capture, represent, process, and analyze geographic information. It can be contrasted with geographic information systems, which are software tools.
British geographer Michael Goodchild has defined this area in the 1990s, and summarized its core interests, including spatial analysis, visualization, and the representation of uncertainty. GIScience is conceptually related to geography, information science, computer science, geomatics and geoinformatics, but it claims the status of an independent scientific discipline.
== Definitions ==

Since its inception in the 1990s, the boundaries between GIScience and cognate disciplines are contested, and different communities might disagree on what GIScience is and what it studies. In particular, Goodchild stated that "information science can be defined as the systematic study according to scientific principles of the nature and properties of information. Geographic information science is the subset of information science that is about geographic information." Another influential definition is that by GIScientist David Mark, which states:
Geographic Information Science (GIScience) is the basic research field that seeks to redefine geographic concepts and their use in the context of geographic information systems. GIScience also examines the impacts of GIS on individuals and society, and the influences of society on GIS. GIScience re-examines some of the most fundamental themes in traditional spatially oriented fields such as geography, cartography, and geodesy, while incorporating more recent developments in cognitive and information science. It also overlaps with and draws from more specialized research fields such as computer science, statistics, mathematics, and psychology, and contributes to progress in those fields. It supports research in political science and anthropology, and draws on those fields in studies of geographic information and society.


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